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#BehindTheFacts: Amarachi Onwulike exposes hidden truth about breast ironing

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Breast ironing is deeply rooted in some cultures in Nigeria, and now it is quietly resurfacing. Many still view it as a protective measure against early sexualisation despite being a harmful tradition that leaves lasting physical and emotional scars. 

Amarachi Onwulike sheds light on the myths surrounding breast ironing, the social narratives driving its persistence, and the medical and legal realities that challenge its practice in this interview. 

How has misinformation on social media contributed to the resurgence of breast ironing?

Social media plays a powerful role in shaping beliefs, especially regarding health and cultural practices. This is because most people tend to believe almost everything put online. I found that misinformation often shared in the form of “advice” or traditional remedies has made some parents believe breast ironing can delay puberty and protect girls from sexual advances until “they reach the right age.” The danger is that these posts often lack context or medical backing, and people tend to trust what comes from their community, especially if it is framed as caring or protective.

Were there any documented cases in Nigeria where breast ironing led to severe health complications?

Yes. Although it’s underreported, I came across anecdotal accounts during my research. There are documented cases in Nigeria where breast ironing has led to severe health complications. A 2024 Al Jazeera report discussed the story of a woman named John from the Gbagyi community in Abuja. She endured chronic breast pain and deformation due to breast ironing performed during her youth. This damage impaired her ability to breastfeed, contributing to the tragic loss of her infant.

How does Nigerian law address breast ironing, and what enforcement challenges did you uncover?

Under the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act of 2015, any form of female genital mutilation, including breast ironing, is criminalised. The law provides fines and imprisonment for those who attempt or encourage it. However, enforcement is a significant challenge because many cases go unreported, and the practice is deeply rooted in cultural beliefs. People see it as tradition, not a crime, making prosecution difficult.

What were your findings in this research?

My research showed that breast ironing is driven by fear. Fear of early sexual activity, unwanted pregnancy, gender based violence or lack of awareness. It’s often done with good intentions, but with harmful methods. I also found that while the practice isn’t widespread nationally, it is quietly making a comeback in some rural communities, partly due to misinformation online. Apart from Nigeria, breast ironing is also practised in several African countries like Cameroon, Chad, etc. Speaking with doctors and legal experts revealed that it is a health and human rights issue. Lastly, I discovered that the outcomes are consistently harmful. From physical consequences like chronic pain, tissue damage, and difficulty breastfeeding, to psychological trauma and a lasting sense of shame, the effects are deeply scarring.

What factors enable breast ironing to persist despite medical warnings and legal prohibitions?

I think culture plays a big role. Many families view breast ironing as an act of protection, not harm. There’s also a lack of awareness and ignorance about the law and the medical risks. In some cases, people don’t even know that what they’re doing is considered FGM or that it could lead to arrest. So silence, misinformation, and cultural pressure all contribute to its persistence.

What role do fact-checkers and journalists play in debunking cultural myths like breast ironing?

Journalists and fact-checkers help bridge the gap between tradition and evidence. We shift harmful narratives by giving people access to accurate information and expert opinions. For example, explaining the science behind puberty or highlighting survivor stories can challenge myths in a way that connects with real people. We are not just reporting; we are helping people become aware of and unlearn dangerous norms.

Based on your findings, what are the most effective ways to combat misinformation and protect young girls?

Education is key, both offline and online. I think there should be an investment in community outreaches, school programs, and probably grassroots campaigns that educate and explain the harms of practices like breast ironing. At the same time, online platforms need to take misinformation seriously. Most importantly, survivors need to be given a voice. When girls and women speak up about their experiences, it humanises the issue and inspires change.

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